This study centers on the Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals—the Zuo Zhuan, the Gongyang Zhuan, and the Guliang Zhuan. It aims to systematically analyze their conceptual framework regarding war and to explore the philosophical ideas intertwined with their perspectives on warfare. The research will examine the narratives and evaluations of historical conflicts within these texts, delineating their respective descriptive characteristics and criteria for judgment. A comparative analysis will be conducted to identify their similarities and differences. Furthermore, the study will investigate the key philosophical issues reflected in these accounts of war. These include the relationship between Tian ("Heaven") and humanity, the construction of political legitimacy, the distinction between Yi ("barbarians") and Huaxia in defining civilizational identity, and the prioritization and inherent tensions among moral values in extreme conflict. While providing richly detailed commentaries on the most intense form of political conflict—warfare—the Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals also convey a profound longing for harmony and peace. This mode of thought has exerted a deep and lasting influence on later generations.