A term frequently associated with Spanish culture of the 1960s, particularly during Manuel Fraga’s tenure as Minister of Information and Tourism (1962–1969), is apertura (openness). Unlike the preceding decades, this period witnessed a proliferation of new publishing ventures, spurred by the country’s growing economic liberalization and relatively more tolerant policies of State cultural control. Despite the centrality of translation to many of these publishing initiatives, scholarly accounts of this era often overlook translation as a key practice shaping this cultural apertura. This project seeks to address this gap by (re)interpreting 1960s Francoist culture as one both shaped and destabilized by translational practices. At a macro-analytical level, the project aims to illuminate the transnational dynamics shaping the renovation of the Spanish small-scale publishing field during this period. It does so through a sociological description of the "translation culture(s)" of six new humanistic book series from the 1960s, directed by figures with diverse ideological orientations, including Marxist, liberal, and pro-regime perspectives. At a micro-analytical level, the study of specific translation practices within each book series —particularly through detailed analysis of four case studies— aims to provide a more grounded perspective on cultural production in this period, emphasizing the messy and heterogeneous nature of the regime’s “openness” during the 1960s.